Abd al malik biography book summary

Likewise, his court in Damascus was filled with far more Umayyads than under his Sufyanid predecessors, a result of the clan's exile to the city from Medina in Failure in Iraq [ edit ]. Abd al-Malik. The transition was carried out by his scribe Sulayman ibn Sa'd. Likewise, Arab noblemen who had derived their power solely through their tribal standing and personal relations with a caliph were gradually replaced with military men who had risen through the ranks.

Abdul malik bin marwan pdf

Nonetheless, Marwan secured the oaths of allegiance to Abd al-Malik from the Yamani nobility. The other main explanation holds that Abd al-Malik, in the heat of the war with Ibn al-Zubayr, sought to build the structure to divert the focus of the Muslims in his realm from the Ka'aba in Mecca, where Ibn al-Zubayr would publicly condemn the Umayyads during the annual pilgrimage to the sanctuary.

He had a second wife from the Makhzum, Umm al-Mughira bint al-Mughira ibn Khalid, a great-granddaughter of the pre-Islamic leader of the Quraysh, Hisham ibn al-Mughira. The last years of Abd al-Malik's reign were generally characterized by the sources as a domestically peaceful and prosperous consolidation of power. Muhammad was a member of the Quraysh, but was ardently opposed by the tribe before they embraced Islam in View a FREE sample.

Abd al-malik ibn marwan achievements

Abd al-Malik invited Mus'ab to surrender in return for the governorship of Iraq or any other province of his choice, but the latter refused and was killed in action. The Dome of the Chain featured the divine courthouse, before which the deceased would appear before entering Heaven, represented by the Dome of the Rock. He was headquartered in Damascus and became its deputy governor during Marwan's expedition to conquer Zubayrid Egypt in late In , a thirty-year peace treaty was concluded, obliging the Umayyads to pay an annual tribute of 3, gold coins, 50 horses and 50 slaves, and withdraw their troops from the forward bases they had occupied on the Byzantine coast.

At the time of his death, fourteen of Abd al-Malik's sons had survived him, according to al-Yaqubi. On the way to the Umayyad capital in Syria, Abd al-Malik encountered the army of Muslim ibn Uqba, who had been sent by Yazid to subdue the rebels in Medina. At the time of its construction, the caliph was engaged in war with Christian Byzantium and its Syrian Christian allies on the one hand and with the rival caliph Ibn al-Zubayr, who controlled Mecca, the annual destination of Muslim pilgrimage, on the other hand.

A last explanation has been to interpret the creation of the Haram al-Sharif complex as a monumental profession of faith, intended to proclaim the role of intercessor that Muhammad was supposed to play on the day of the resurrection. Many Syrian nobles held reservations about the campaign and counseled Abd al-Malik not to participate in person.

With his own position insecure, Abd al-Malik concluded a treaty whereby he would pay a tribute of 1, gold coins, a horse and a slave for every day of the year. Further information: Battle of Maskin. According to Hawting, these do not represent the "tribes in arms" utilized by earlier caliphs; rather, they denote army factions whose membership was often but not exclusively determined by tribal origin.

Bibliography [ edit ]. With threats in Syria and the Jazira neutralized, Abd al-Malik was free to focus on the reconquest of Iraq. Mu'awiya I r. This arrangement suited both sides: Abd al-Malik weakened his opponent's forces and secured his northern frontier, and the Byzantines gained territory and reduced the power of the side that was apparently winning the Muslim civil war.

Abd al-Malik charged Uqba's deputy, Zuhayr ibn Qays, to reassert the Arab position in , but after initial gains, including the slaying of the Berber ruler Kasila at the Battle of Mams, Zuhayr was driven back to Barqa Cyrenaica by Kasila's partisans and slain by Byzantine naval raiders.